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超越康德化马克思与黑格尔化马克思的对立发布时间:2018-07-06  点击数:
作 者:汪行福
关键词:康德;黑格尔;马克思;视差;形而上学;柄谷行人
摘 要:

康德和黑格尔,谁是马克思的引路人,一直是中外马克思主义者争论不休的问题。偏爱康德者认为,康德的二元论解决了教条主义和怀疑论的古老争论,坚持观念与物质、理想与现实之间本体论差异和非同一性就是坚持哲学的超越性和政治超越性,恢复马克思主义的真精神需要回到康德;偏爱黑格尔者则认为,黑格尔非同一性的同一性辩证法不仅给人们提供了思考问题的正确方法,而且有助于我们走出后现代主义无中心论和新自由主义虚假总体性的意识形态困境,恢复马克思主义的激进性与现实性需要回到黑格尔。其实,康德与黑格尔不是截然对立的,康德在为科学、道德、法律和国际秩序理想提供先验论证明的同时,并不否定人类道德和政治理想的现实性;黑格尔虽然把绝对观念的自我实现和自我认识作为目标,但也不否认现代性规范和价值对人类知识和实践的规范约束。就此而言,康德和马克思都是时代进步意识的代表。但由于观念论的哲学限制和资产阶级的历史限制,他们的思想自身本就存在着矛盾和差异,这种差异不能理解为“激进的康德”与“保守的黑格尔”的对立,或“激进的黑格尔”与“保守的康德”的对立。康德与黑格尔思想中都存在着可供马克思主义借鉴、继承和发展的激进因素,也有应该批判和扬弃的保守因素。就此而言,马克思主义的发展无须康德化和黑格尔化,更无须人为地制造康德化与黑格尔化的对立。

Transcending the Antigonism between Kantian Marxism and Hegelian Marxism

Wang Xingfu (Fudan University)

Abstract Who is Marx’s guide, Kant or Hegel? More than a century ago, there was a hot debate within the Social Democratic Party of Germany, and today it is still a controversial issue in Marxist studies around the world. To those who prefer Kant, Kantian dualism has solved the old antitheses between metaphysical dogmatism and imperialistic skepticism; his transcendental critiques of reason laid a universal presupposition and foundation for natural science, practical knowledge of morality and law, and aesthetic knowledge. His reinterpretation of Enlightenment opens new public space of intellectual criticism, and his critique of historical reason reveals the meaning of human history and the ideal of perpetual peace. For them, loyalty to philosophical and political transcendence means to insist on the ontological difference between the idea and matter, ideal and reality. Thus, restoring the true Marxist spirit, we have to return to Kant. To those who prefer Hegel, in one side, Hegelian philosophy insists on the contradictions between idea and matter, ideal and fact, on the other side, he does not deny the possibility of the temporary reconciliation. This dialectics of identity of non- identity not only provides the correct way of thinking the world, but also helps us to go out of dilemma between decentralism of Postmodernist and pseudo totality of neoliberalism in our world, therefore, to restore radical impulse of Marxism needs to return to Hegel. Actually, Kant and Hegel are not antagonistic. The main intent of Kant’s philosophy was to providing transcendental justification for principle and ideal of modern science, morality and law and international order, but he does not ignore the real conditions of their realization; Hegel’s philosophy focuses on the self-realization of the absolute Spirit and its historical process, but he does not refuse normative reconstruction of modernity. Kant and Marx was the representative of the progressive consciousness of modernity. However, due to the philosophical limitations of idealism and the historical restriction of the bourgeoisie, not only there are differences between Kant and Hegel, but also there are contradictions in their own mind. It is senseless to argue the opposition between “radical Kantian” and “conservative Hegel”, or “radical Hegel” and “conservative Kant”. There are rational resources in both Kant’s and Hegel’s philosophy can be used for development of Marxism, but also conservative factors that should be criticized and abandoned. In this regard, there is no need to be Kantian Marxism or Hegelian Marxism.

Key words Kant; Hegel; Marx; parallax; metaphysics; Binguxingren


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