作　者：阮神裕
关键词：数据确权；《数据二十条》；数据产品；可访问性；公开数据；数据权益
摘　要：

《关于建构数据基础制度更好发挥数据要素作用的意见》（以下简称《数据二十条》）颁布之后，不少观点主张将权利客体区分为原始数据、数据集合和数据产品，分别赋予不同类型的数据产权，形成数据确权的复杂化路径。但实际上，区分确权缺乏必要性和可行性，不是最优的确权路径。绝对权意义上的财产权通常具有一般化的特征，表现为客体的抽象性、消极权能的显著性和积极权能的总括性。财产权之所以是一般化的，是由其调整权利人和不特定第三人法律关系的功能决定的。数据产权同样应该是绝对权意义上的财产权， 因而数据确权应当采取一般化路径。数据产权的客体应该只是数据，不应该区分原始数据、数据集合和数据产品；数据的物理边界由数据在虚拟层面上的可访问性决定；以数据的可访问性为标准，可以区分建构公开数据产权和非公开数据产权。在数据确权一般化路径的基础上，还应当引入治理策略，一是对法定在先权益进行分离保护，二是明确规定法定访问权和使用权，从而更加精确地调整数据之上承载的多元利益。

 

On the Generalization of Data Property Right Delineation

Ruan Shenyu（Renmin University of China）

Abstract After the release of the "20 Key Measures", many advocate a complex path for data property right delineation by distinguishing the objects of rights into original data, data sets and data products, thereby assigning different types of property rights to different types of data. This complex path is not an optimal one for want of necessity and feasibility. Property rights, in the sense of absolute rights, normally have generalized characteristics, which are reflected in the abstractness of the object, the prominence of negative powers and the comprehensiveness of positive powers. The fact that property rights are generalized is determined by their function in adjusting legal relationships between right-holders and unspecified third parties. Data property rights should also be absolute rights; therefore, the delineation of data property rights should adopt a generalized path. The object of data property rights should be limited to data itself, without distinguishing between original data, data sets or data products; the physical boundaries of data are determined by the accessibility of data on a virtual level; based on the accessibility of data, it is possible to distinguish between public data property rights and non-public data property rights. On the basis of a generalized path, governance strategies should also be introduced, first by separating the protection of statutorily prior interests and second by clearly specifying statutory access and usage rights, thereby more precisely adjusting the multifaceted interest structure borne by data.

Key words data property right delineation; "20 Key Measures"; data products; accessibility; public data; data rights and interests

■作者简介 阮神裕，中国人民大学法学院助理教授，中国人民大学未来法治研究院助理研究员，北京 100872。

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