作　者：柯达
关键词：数字人民币；货币财产权；数字货币；数字钱包“；占有即所有”规则；金融普惠
摘　要：

数字人民币兼具账户与现金特征的表现形态，并采用公私主体共同参与的双层型发行运营模式，持币人通过数字钱包、以自己的名义实现对数字人民币的直接持有。数字人民币的财产权客体是用户持有、转让数字钱包余额的权限以及相应的电子指令发送能力，同时还体现为个人信息和数据安全保护的电子证明。据此，数字人民币财产权不是物权，而是面向指定运营机构、以货币服务债权为核心、包含信息网络服务债权的债权组合，其具有的央行负债和国家信用特征并不意味着持币人对央行享有法律意义上的债权。基于商事外观主义和实现“支付即结算”功能的需要，数字人民币应以到账为确权标志，但央行的事后登记应具有最终确权效力。针对类型化的数字人民币财产权纠纷，“占有即所有”规则已无适用的必要；此外，数字人民币虽具有一定的特定性，但其并不存在被特定化的可能性或必要性，因而一般不具有被特定化后的物权效力。

 

On the Property Rights Protection of the Digital Yuan

With the Claims on Money Services as the Core

Ke Da（East China University of Political Science and Law）

Abstract The Digital Yuan has the characteristics of both account and cash, as well as a two-tier issuance and operation model in which public and private entities jointly participate, and the holders can directly hold the money through digital wallets and in their own names. The object of the property rights in the Digital Yuan are the user's accessibility to transfer the balance of the digital wallet with the corresponding ability to send electronic instructions, reflected as the electronic proof of personal information and data security protection. Accordingly, the property rights in the Digital Yuan are not real rights, but a portfolio of claims including claims on information network services with monetary service claims as the core for the designated operating institutions. The characteristics of central bank liabilities and national credit of the Digital Yuan do not mean that the holders have legal claims against the central bank. Based on the commercial rechtsschein theorie and the need to realize the function of payment as settlement, the property rights in the digital Yuan should be confirmed upon its arrival in one's account, but the registration by the central bank after the event should have the final confirmation effect. For typed property disputes over the Digital Yuan, there is no need to apply the doctrine of "possession that is all". In addition, although the Digital Yuan has certain specificity, it does not have the possibility or necessity of being specific, so it generally does not have the real right effect after being specific.

Key words Digital Yuan; property rights in money; digital currency; digital wallet; the rule of "possession that is all"; financial inclusion

 

■作者简介 柯 达，华东政法大学经济法学院副研究员，上海 200042。

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