作　者：张荣强
关键词：木牍；简册；简纸更替；户籍制度
摘　要：

中国古代户籍的书写载体经历了两次大的变革，一是战国后期以简册取代木牍，二是魏晋之际由简册变为纸质。两次变革对当时的户籍制度都产生了重要影响，尤以后者的影响最著。秦汉时期，简册书写不便，更因形体繁重，运输保管不易，户籍只能在乡制作，副本仅呈报至县。魏晋之际纸张代替简册后，户籍上移至县廷制作，造好的户籍需要上报郡、州，直至中央户部。正、副本的关系也从原来乡掌握正本，变为中央机构对户籍拥有最终审核权。古代书写载体变革带来户籍制度演变的背后，反映了统治者因应技术进步不断加强中央集权的努力。

关键词    木牍；简册；简纸更替；户籍制度

 

Evolution of the Writing Carrier and Household Registration System in Ancient China

Zhang Rongqiang (Beijing Normal University)

Abstract  The writing carrier of the household registration in ancient China has undergone two major changes.  The first change was the replacement of wooden slips with bamboo strip manuscripts in the late Warring States period, and the second change was the conversion from bamboo strips to paper in the Wei and Jin dynasties. Both changes, especially the latter, had important influences on the household registration system at that time. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the household registration could only be made in the township, and the copies were then reported to the county because of inconveniences in writing on bamboo strips and difficulties in transportation and storage due to heaviness. After the conversion from bamboo strips to paper, the household registration was moved to the county court for production, and the copies needed to be reported to the commandery and the region, even the central ministry of household registration. Instead of township management of the original copy, the central ministry got the final right to review the household registration.

The conversion of the writing carrier led to the evolution of the ancient household registration system, reflecting the rulers’ efforts to constantly strengthen the centralization of power in response to technological progress.

Key words      wooden slips; bamboo strip manuscripts; conversion from bamboo slips to paper; household registration system

 

■    作者简介     张荣强，历史学博士，北京师范大学历史学院教授、博士生导师；北京，100875。

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