作　者：樊浩
关键词：公共物品；法哲学—经济学悖论；社会礼物；公平—效率；平等—不均；伦理情怀；社会至善
摘　要：

 黑格尔在《法哲学原理》中所揭示的财富占有与收入分配之间平等—不均的抽象法—市民社会的悖论，如今演绎为公平—效率之间的法哲学—经济学困境，其中分配不公成为现代社会的最大难题之一。公共物品可以为破解公平—效率难题、推进分配公正提供伦理补偿，其要义在于：公共物品必须超越福利经济学的效率原则，贯彻伦理学的关怀理念。发展与关怀是公共物品应该同时兼顾的两个价值维度，必须保持恰当平衡。财富具有伦理本性，也内在着深刻的伦理风险，公共物品不只是公共福利，更是社会至善的显示器，体现社会良知和社会厚道。为此，公共物品应当向社会的中下层群体倾斜，成为给予平民和贫民伦理关怀的社会礼物。老龄关怀与儿童关怀、汽车道与人行道、垃圾筒与城市亮化等公共物品配置，都是社会良知的伦理表情。必须将公共物品的社会福利理论和效率理念，推进为社会至善理论和以伦理关怀为核心的公正理念，效率与公正、发展与关怀的统一就是社会至善。公共物品配置需要伦理情怀，伦理情怀的内核是“学会伦理地思考”，对待残疾人、贫困以及多样性生活方式的态度等，都是对“伦理地思考”的检验。面对高速发展而又不断分化的现代社会，人类必须重新“学会在一起”，公共物品期待一种彻底的人文精神，伦理型中国文化可以为公共物品超越公平—效率困境、建构社会凝聚力提供中国表达和理论支持，使公共物品超越社会公器，成为社会至善的推进器。

 

Common Goods and Social Goodness

Fan Hao (Southeast University)

Abstract  The abstract right-civil society paradox of “equality-inequality” between wealth possession and subsistence distribution revealed by Hegel in Philosophy of Right, deductive as the philosophy of right-economics difficulties between fairness and efficiency, in which unfair distribution becomes the biggest prob- lem in modern society. Common goods can provide ethical compensation for solving the problem of fairness- efficiency and promoting fair distribution, its essence of which is: Common goods must go beyond the efficiency principle of welfare economics and implement the ethical care concept.“Development” and “care” are two values that must be taken into account in common goods and must be properly balanced. Wealth has ethical nature, but also has internal profound ethical risk. Common goods are not only common welfare, but the display of social goodness, reflecting the “social conscience” and “social kindness”. To this end, common goods should be in favor of the middle and lower strata of society and become a “social gift” for the ethical care of civilians and the poor in society. The allocation of common goods such as care for the aged and children, automobile lanes and sidewalks, garbage cans and urban lighting are all the ethical expressions of social conscience. The social welfare theory and efficiency concept of common goods must be promoted into the theory of social goodness and the concept of justice with ethical care as the core. The unity of efficiency and justice, development and care is social goodness.The allocation of common goods requires ethical feelings, the core of which is “to learn ethical thinking”. The attitude toward disability, poverty, and diverse lifestyles is a test of “ethical thinking”. Human beings are faced with the rapid development and continuous differentiation of modern society, so we must “learn to be together” again. Common goods expect a thorough humanistic spirit. Ethical Chinese culture can provide Chinese expression and theoretical support for common goods to surpass the difficulties of fairness-efficiency and build social cohesion, so that common goods can surpass “social utilities” and become the propellers of social goodness.

Key words      common goods; legal philosophy-economics paradox; social gifts; fairness-efficiency; equality-fairness; ethical feelings; social goodness

 

■    作者简介  樊   浩，哲学博士，东南大学人文社会科学学部资深教授、博士生导师；江苏 南京 210004。

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